Betta mandor

This species is a close relative of Betta foerschi, sharing many features in its body pattern. Adult specimens reach a length of 5 to 6 cm. The fish's body appears elongated and slender. Males are generally larger than females, their unpaired fins are more developed and have a rich dark coloration, and the characteristic orange stripes are located just behind the head. Females, on the other hand, appear lighter, with their coloration predominantly gray.

The natural habitat of this species extends across Southeast Asia, specifically the Indonesian part of Borneo island, in the West Kalimantan province. The first specimens for scientific description were collected in 2006 in the Kapuas River basin, between two settlements – Mandor and Anjungan. Betta mandor prefers to inhabit shallow streams and small rivers that flow through dense tropical forests. The depth of such bodies of water is sometimes only a few centimeters, and the dim light penetrating through the tree canopy does not hinder the active growth of riparian and aquatic vegetation. The bottom of these bodies of water is often covered with fallen leaves, twigs, and grass. Their decomposition process leads to the release of humic acids and other organic substances, which give the water its characteristic brown tint.

These fish belong to the fighting fish group, which immediately indicates their challenging temperament. However, information about the behavior of Betta mandor is quite contradictory. Some sources claim that males show extreme intolerance towards rivals and other related species with similar coloration. Moreover, an alpha male may even harass individual females. At the same time, other authors note that conflicts, though not uncommon, are mostly demonstrative and rarely lead to injuries. Based on this, it can be concluded that in a small aquarium, it is recommended to keep one male in the company of one or several females, as well as with non-aggressive fish species that do not resemble males. In more spacious aquariums, the restrictions are not as strict.

For a pair of fish, the optimal aquarium volume starts from 40 liters. The decorative arrangement can be anything and depends entirely on the aquarist's taste and capabilities. However, if conditions mimicking the natural environment are created, Betta mandor will look most harmonious. It is recommended to use dim lighting, place driftwood and shade-loving plants against a dark substrate. The bottom can be covered with a layer of certain tree leaves. They serve not only as a decorative element but also release tannins, such as humic acids, which is characteristic of the natural habitat of these fish. More detailed information can be found in the article "What Tree Leaves Can Be Used in an Aquarium." The main condition for successful keeping is maintaining stable water parameters within acceptable temperature and hydrochemical limits. The fish prefer warm, slightly acidic, and very soft water, which should be changed weekly. For biological balance, the uninterrupted operation of the installed equipment and regular removal of organic waste, such as food remnants and excrement, are important. It is important to remember that Betta cannot tolerate strong or even moderate currents and needs a warm, humid layer of air at the water's surface. The first problem is solved by correctly choosing a filter that regulates water movement, and the second by installing a lid on the aquarium.

This species is omnivorous. They readily accept most common aquarium foods, whether dry, frozen, or live. The latter include Artemia, Daphnia, bloodworms, as well as Drosophila flies, mosquito larvae, and other small insects. The market offers many specialized products from various manufacturers, developed specifically for Betta fish; these can well form the basis of their diet.

In natural conditions, these fish live in a rather challenging environment that is subject to seasonal changes, where some forest streams may dry up or turn into mud. Through evolution, they have developed a unique mechanism for protecting their offspring during the most vulnerable period – the egg stage. The male carries the fertilized eggs in his mouth; they enter there immediately after spawning. After 8–14 days, fully formed fry emerge. Successful breeding requires only sexually mature male and female, as well as a favorable environment and quality nutritious feeding. Instincts will take care of everything else.

Most health problems in fish often arise from unsuitable keeping conditions. Maintaining a stable and comfortable habitat is a key factor for successful keeping. If symptoms of illness appear, the first step is to check the water quality. If deviations are found, it is important to take immediate measures to eliminate them. If the symptoms do not disappear or worsen, medicinal treatment may be required. More detailed information on symptoms and treatment methods can be found in the "Diseases of Aquarium Fish" section.

When purchasing Betta mandor, it is important to choose active individuals with clean, undamaged fins. Avoid fish with signs of emaciation, sunken bellies, or film on their bodies, as this species is sensitive to transport and keeping conditions. It is recommended to acquire fish from reputable breeders specializing in wild species to guarantee genetic purity and the absence of parasites.

• pay attention to behavior: healthy fish should be curious, not sluggish or constantly hiding
• ask the seller what type of food the individual is accustomed to, as wild species can be selective eaters
• check the integrity of the scales and the absence of unnatural spots, which may indicate bacterial infections